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The Lived Experiences of Vulnerable Populations in the Context of Extreme Heat

A mixed-methods study of over 2,000 residents across five cities in Bangladesh and Nepal examining how vulnerable urban populations experience, perceive, and respond to extreme heat, and whether existing heat interventions are reaching them. As climate change drives stronger, longer, and more frequent heatwaves across South Asia, this report brings the voices of the most […]

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Evaluating the Implementation and Effectiveness of Heat Action Plans

Extreme heat is a deadly and growing threat to cities worldwide. As recognition of heat risks increases, local governments have begun developing Heat Action Plans (HAPs) to outline goals, relevant information, and strategies for mitigating and managing heat in their communities. As a relatively new area of planning, there is limited guidance on what HAPS

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Study on Disability-inclusive & Gender-responsive Early Warning Systems in Khulna, Bangladesh

This study investigates the extent to which early warning systems in Bangladesh are disability-inclusive, accessible, and gender-responsive. It examines the lived experiences of people with disabilities and women, identifies barriers to effective access and participation, and explores opportunities to strengthen people-centred approaches that better support those most at risk from disasters.

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Protecting jobs and employment during disasters: lessons from employment insurance system in Japan

This World Bank discussion paper examines how Japan uses its employment insurance system to protect jobs and support workers during disasters, offering a detailed case for designing adaptive social protection that goes beyond traditional emergency social assistance. Set against the backdrop of disasters becoming more frequent and severe — and disproportionately harming the poor and

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Public warning and evacuation experiences during recent GLOF events (2019 and 2023) and recommendations for future preparedness: Insights from Lunana, Bhutan

This peer-reviewed study offers the first comprehensive documentation of how a remote Himalayan community experienced warning dissemination and evacuation during recent glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). Focusing on Lunana in Bhutan — one of the world’s most at-risk basins, surrounded by dangerous glacial lakes and a nine-day walk from the nearest road — the authors

Public warning and evacuation experiences during recent GLOF events (2019 and 2023) and recommendations for future preparedness: Insights from Lunana, Bhutan Read More »

Urban Heat Governance: Assessing Institutional Capacity to Manage Extreme Heat in Cities of the Global South

Extreme heat is the deadliest climate hazard — yet it remains the least governed. This policy brief, produced by the IFRC Climate Centre in partnership with University College London, presents findings from an analysis of heat-related urban governance across 83 coastal cities in the Global South. The central finding is stark: despite rapidly escalating heat

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Heat Threshold Reports: Honduras and Tanzania

Effective heat early warning systems depend on knowing what “extreme” actually means in a given place, and that definition varies significantly by local climate, population acclimatization, and urban context. This page brings together two technical reports produced by the IFRC Climate Centre that develop locally calibrated heat thresholds for cities in Honduras and Tanzania, providing

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Community Heat Risk Perception Studies: Honduras, Indonesia, and Tanzania

This collection brings together four community-level research studies examining how urban populations perceive, experience, and respond to extreme heat. Published in late 2025, the studies were conducted as part of the Coastal City Resilience and Extreme Heat Action Project (CoCHAP) — a joint initiative supported by National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the American

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Edible Rooftop Gardens: A Community and Nature-based Climate Resilience Building Strategy

Authors and Collaborators: Chandan Sarangi Parama Roy Gourav Suthar Akshaya Ayyangar Ramachandran A. Summary: Extreme heat is an escalating climate risk in Indian cities, disproportionately affecting socio-economically vulnerable populations, especially children who spend long hours in public schools and Anganwadi’s. Nature-based solutions such as edible rooftop gardens offer a promising, low-cost strategy for localised cooling

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Investigating and Scaling-up Effective Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Resilience in Dessie City Administration, Ethiopia

Authors and Collaborators: Amogne Asfaw Eshetu Abebe Mohammed Ali Girma Moges Meshesha Abebe Arega Mekonen Marie Addis Desta Hailu Ayene Kebede Summary: Due to its steep topography, rapid urbanization, and inadequate infrastructure, the Dessie city administration is among the most climate change-sensitive urban centers in Ethiopia where landslides and flooding have been the most catastrophic challenges. To overcome these

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